Most people lose between 1 and 2 lbs early on in the fast. If there was inflammation prior to beginning that weight loss can be more in the first few days and usually tapers off. Towards the end of a fast, the weight loss can reduce to 0.5-1.0 lbs per day.
 
The amount of weight and percentage of adipose tissue to skeletal muscle all depends on the weight and amount of fat you start out with. Thin people derive more of their energy during a fast from protein than an obese person does. 

Here's why:
 
- Lean people derive 40% of their energy from protein during a fast and obese people 5%. 

-During prolonged fasting, fat oxidation accounts for approximately 94% of energy expenditure in obese subjects, compared to only 78% in lean subjects. Protein oxidation accounts for the remainder of the energy, since there is almost no carbohydrate stores left in the body after the first 24 hours or so.

​- Although an obese person has a larger amount of protein based on size, the physiology of fasting favors the destruction of adipose tissue. In the absence of adipose, protein will be used to power the brain, heart and organ systems.
 
 
Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10574520


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​Although there is much talk on facebook fasting groups about supplementing with electrolytes or specifically Himalayan salt, there should be no reason why someone would require salt in their water during a fast. In fact, it could even be detrimental. 
 
The kidneys are the organ in our body responsible for maintaining electrolyte balance in the body. It conserves sodium and potassium or wastes it depending on what the body needs. People with severe kidney impairment have a hard time balancing their electrolytes and aren’t good candidates for water fasting. 
 
Before beginning a water fast, thorough blood work should be done and reviewed by a fasting physician and again every 7 days to ensure the proper electrolyte balance is being maintained by the body. 
 
Fluctuations in calcium and potassium are of importance when it comes to heart functioning. Low or too high potassium and calcium can be a risk of cardiac infarction aka heart attack. 
​

​The suggested amount of water intake during our retreats is 2L per day of a pure water source. We recommend using reverse osmosis water as our number one recommended water source. Good quality water in the form of distilled water, purified, and spring water can be considered as well as Kangen or pH controlled water if done properly. 
 
We don’t recommend drinking anything other than water on a water fast in contrast to other fasting doctors who suggest coffee and herbal tea as an addition to water. There are potent and well documented effects of herbal infusions or the bitter action of coffee that are in stark contrast to the number one principle of water fasting, which is leaving the body alone to heal.
 
It is through this process, of doing nothing, that the greatest healing and teaching is available. 
​

 
Breaking a fast is arguably the most important part of the fasting process. Following a fast the gut has been left alone to heal, and what goes into it will determine whether the healing continues, and the proper gut flora is repopulated or not. 
 
Our water fasts are generally broken with the broth of 5 Element Soup and either a fresh, peeled vegetable such as cucumber or a juice fruit like watermelon. Fresh fruits and vegetables are filled with the live active enzymes a resting gut needs to break food down. And the nutrients, vitamins and minerals, to continue the healing process. 
 
The number of days of reintroduction should be around half the number of days spend in active fast. For some people, they will chose to, or require a slower reintroduction. With a delayed introduction of allium species e.g. garlic and onion because of their corrosive volatile oils which can damage the sensitive gut lining. 
 
The process of reintroduction progresses from liquids and broths to mono meals of fruits and peeled vegetables the size of your fist, to steamed vegetables. And from steamed vegetables to complex vegetarian meals 3 times a day. Each meal can be accompanied by the 5 Element broth for nutrition and warmth. One of the side effects of fasting is lowered body temperature. People enjoy having a warm cup of broth to warm up their system and encourage digestive fires, also known as Spleen Qi in Traditional Chinese medicine. 
 
No salt or strong herbs or oils are used during the reintroduction but can be added in progressively. Avoiding high calorie foods like nuts is suggested so that weight is not put on too quickly. Maintaining a vegetarian diet for as long as possible is recommended. For people looking to continue their healing a raw food diet can be implemented with similar benefits, at a slower rate, compared to water fasting. 

​

​Water fasting length is different for each individual depending on many factors such as comfort level with fasting, disease state prior to fasting, medications, and health goals. The length of time you should fast for can be determined in consultation with a qualified fasting doctor. 
 
It take women 48 hours to enter into ketosis and 72 hours for men, generally speaking. Every day of a water fast offers immense healing compared to any other treatment modality available. Some conditions have been treated commonly with water fasting and their recommendation is as follows:
 
3 days – Full regeneration of the immune system, reduced blood pressure, digestive discomfort
7 days – Hypertension, Hypercholesterolemia, 
10 days – Osteoarthritis, SIBO (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth), IBS, migraines, chronic pain
14 days – Fibroids, 
21 days – Autoimmune disease: Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus, Crohn’s, Colitis,
 
These suggested number of days doesn’t mean that a shorter fast won’t significantly improve your condition. There is also credibility for practicing sequential shorter fasts as well as a fasting-mimicking diet, also known as intermittent fasting. 

​ 

​For full details on how to break a fast, prepare for a fast, what to expect and what to do during fasting check out our water fasting guide available here. 

​

Water fasting is a topic becoming increasingly popular amongst circles of health conscious individuals, facebook support groups, bloggers and health professionals. 
People are joining facebook groups focused on supporting one another to do extended fasts up to 40 days. While fasting is an exceptional medical treatment it is also not without its risks. 
Fasting at home can be done safely as long as certain requirements are met. Below are some things to think about when deciding when, where and how long to water fast. 
​

1. People taking pharmaceutical medications

​
During water fasting the digestive tract slows down. It stops secreting digestive enzymes required to breakdown food and medications. People taking 1 or more prescriptions are at a risk of taking too much of their medication while water fasting since less is needed. 

Also, some medications require food for proper absorption and activation. When we eat, the digestive process begins in the mouth with salivary amylase - the enzyme that breaks down sugars. It continues with hydrochloric acid in the stomach which kills bacteria and breaks down food. The food mass (known as chyme) that proceeds to the small intestine  is acidic. Chyme activates the enzymes released from the pancreas into the small intestine. Without this acidity the enzymes are not activated to break the molecular bonds in foods and medications. 

Consider adding a dense and compact pill into a gut without acidic chyme and activated enzymes. Luckily some medications are small and dissolve easily which allows for absorption but not all.  People on pharmaceuticals need to consult with, and be monitored by, a medical professional when water fasting to ensure proper dosage and a safe fasting experience. 

2. People with kidney disease (and other organ issues)

​
The kidneys regulate electrolyte balance in our bodies primarily sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, magnesium and water. Electrolyte balance is very important for each one of our cells which use ions like these for: cell to cell communication, action potentials, movement of nutrients in and waste out of the cell. In tissue electrolytes can determine whether a muscle contracts or not. When that muscle is the heart, electrolyte balance is vital. Not being able to regulate ion concentration due to kidney disease is a total contraindication to water fasting because, among other things, it can cause cardiac arrest - heart failure. 

The liver and other organs each play a role in the body's homeostasis. Liver disease or chronic alcohol or drug use, could be a total contraindication to water fasting because this is where toxins (from metabolism, environment and fat storage) are processed for release through our bile and into our digestive system. Impaired liver function could mean a build up of toxins in the liver, muscles or organs which could cause a serious adverse event. Most of the environmental toxins we are exposed to are fat soluble, meaning they bind and are stored in our fat tissues. During a fast fat is broken down to be used as fuel. The toxins within the fats are then mobilized into circulation. If there is a lot of fat, or a high degree of toxin exposure due to industrial or job site exposure, living near sprayed crops, eating non-organic food, drug or alcohol use, history of poly pharmacy, then there is a lot of toxins for our body to process and all our organs need to be in top working order.

​If you are wondering how your organs are functioning, visit your doctor who can run blood tests and perform a physical exam for assessment. 

3. People with a current diagnosis or history of eating disorders

​
The main eating disorders today are: anorexia nervosa, bulimia, a mix of both, orthorexia and disordered eating syndromes. These eating disorders are often present in combination with obsessive compulsive disorder, another absolute contraindication to water fasting. Orthorexia is a newer phenomenon defined as an extreme obsession with being healthy. People with orthorexia have cut out so many things from their diet, in an effort to achieve maximum health, that it is actually unhealthy. This illness is also associated with extreme lifestyles such as:

• Compulsive checking of ingredient lists and nutritional labels
• An increase in concern about the health of ingredients
• Cutting out an increasing number of food groups (all sugar, all carbs, all dairy, all meat, all animal products)
• An inability to eat anything but a narrow group of foods that are deemed ‘healthy’ or ‘pure’
• Unusual interest in the health of what others are eating
• Spending hours per day thinking about what food might be served at upcoming events
• Showing high levels of distress when ‘safe’ or ‘healthy’ foods aren’t available
• Obsessive following of food and ‘healthy lifestyle’ blogs on Twitter and Instagram
• Body image concerns may or may not be present

People with eating disorders may already have calorie, nutrient and electrolyte imbalances and possible organ compromise depending on the severity and duration of the illness. Water fasting is completely contraindicated due to this physical state of depletion and the weight loss associated with water fasting.

The state of starvation is when the body is depleted of the necessary nutrients and calories required to sustain life. In this state the body's organs are compromised, sometimes permanently. When a body enters a state of starvation, medical intervention is necessary and life saving. Someone with a current presentation or history of an eating disorder is at a higher risk of starvation, nutrient and electrolyte imbalance. 
​
In other cases, the illness may not be in total remission, or the fast could trigger a return of symptoms. 

​
4. People with an adrenal fatigue diagnosis 

​
Adrenal fatigue is a diagnosis made when people have experienced prolonged states of stress which has resulted in altered cortisol production causing fatigue, sleeplessness, anxiety, low immune function, abdominal weight gain, low blood pressure and cold intolerance. People with stage 2 adrenal fatigue may also be experiencing hair loss, menstrual cycle irregularities, PMS and depression. 

In this state it is necessary to eat regular, frequent meals to regenerate the adrenal system. Water fasting is a stress to the system that someone with adrenal fatigue can not support. 

5. Fear of fasting 


Another contraindication to fasting is having a fear of fasting because of the physiological effects it has on the body. Fear creates anxiety which can cause gut symptoms, increase blood pressure and metabolism. Fear of fasting can precipitate a negative outcome for the fast, whether it is the side effects mentioned above during the fast or difficulty with reintroduction. It is important to be informed about the process of fasting before embarking on a fasting journey and to be clear about your boundaries, health state and fasting plan.


6. Fasting for weight loss

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This is a poplar topic on fasting groups online. People talking about how much weight they have lost, asking about how much weight you can lose, how much weight others have lost and complaining that they haven't lost enough. There is a theme. During a water fast people lose between 1-2 lbs per day. I have noticed when people are inflamed to begin with, they can lose more at the onset followed by a tapering and levelling out after 1-4 days. 

Water fasting is not a stand alone treatment for weight loss because it doesn't address all of the causes of weight gain. There are many, and compounded, reasons why people overeat or have a high weight, some of which can include: 

• ​lack of education around nutrition, portion size, lifestyle & exercise
• emotional trauma 
• coping mechanism for stress
• ​endocrine issues: diabetes & PCOS, leptin desensitization 
• food addiction
• history of eating disorder (starvation can lead to weight gain)
• side effect of medications
• genetics 

It is important to identify the combination of reasons why someone is overweight and address them all. A water fast may be partially indicated. 

During food reintroduction there is a weight gain as the body reacts to calories and nutrients coming back into the system. If a food addiction or endocrine imbalance is not addressed, someone could regain the weight they lost during the fast and more. 

Water fasting is not a stand alone tool for weight loss.

And even in this case it is important to follow the following guidelines: 


1. Fast for a reasonable amount of time


Consider the following age and duration recommendations when thinking about water fasting at home:

Age:
0 - 15 years - Absolute contraindication to water fasting
16 -20 years - Contraindicated unless physician monitored
20 - 49 years - 1 - 7 days
In a residential/In-patient setting, fasting over 7 days necessitates blood work and supervision to make sure your body is responding well to the fast and that you are safe to continue fasting. It is not recommended to fast beyond 7 days without physician supervision. 
50+ - Consider getting a workup done by a physician including blood work and physical exam to determine current state of health prior to the fast (see blood work recommendations below). Your current health status will determine the length of a water fast that is safe for you. 

Consider trying a 24 hour fast for your first one and make sure to follow my guidelines about How to Prepare for a Water Fast. Once you have experienced a 24 hour fast, you can continue to 48 or 72 hours on your next fast. 

Remember to plan an appropriate amount of time for reintroduction which is a time that you have to be mindful of the food you are eating, prepare your food in advance, and consider that you might not be in top performance. 


2. Make sure you have time off


Depending on your history of food choices, how much you weigh (toxin load carried in fat) and other forms of toxicity you may have quite an intense detox reaction. This can involve migraines, headaches, body pain, nausea and vomiting, lethargy, weakness and fainting. You do not want the added stress of being at work, or taking care of anyone else when you are water fasting. 

The benefits of a water fast go beyond avoiding food. It is a time of increased clarity and connection both with your higher self and the Divine. Take this time to become centred in your body and make room for the downloads and information that will come during the fast. If we are distracted by job tasks, kids or other obligations, this part of the fast can be lost, however the physical benefits remain the same. 


3. Have a support network you can connect with


When you begin a fast it is important that someone in your immediate circle is aware  and can check in on you for safety and support. Support can also come from someone else committed to doing the fast at the same time. 

On facebook, there are water fasting support groups which can be good to find someone going through the same process. However, beware of the medical advice offered on these groups, it can be not only false but dangerous. If you have any medical questions make sure to speak with a professional who can properly assess your symptoms. 


4. Fast safely

• Get blood work done within 1 month of beginning your fast
  • CBC with differential - this shows your red and white blood cells
  • Chemistry panel - to determine your electrolyte balance
  • ALT, AST, GGT - measurements of liver function
  • Creatinine, GFR - measurements of kidney function
  • Lipids - as a treatment marker. Do they improve after the fast?
  • Any other parameters that are relevant to your case.
• Drink enough water - 2L per day 
• Do not add anything to your water - some people think you should add salt, electrolytes or vitamins into your water. This not necessary for a fast under 7 days (if at all) and can cause dangerous electrolyte shifts and imbalances. Just water is all you need - carbonated or straight. 
• Move slowly - remember your blood pressure drops so you want to move to sitting and then standing slowly. If you are feeling faint, sit down or lay down where you are and wait until it passes. 
• Do a proper water fasting preparation. 
• Reintroduce your foods properly depending on the number of days you have fasted. 
• Have a contact who you will communicate with each day who can help you if anything comes up - this is a real life person who can come to your house if need be.

​

My next post will be about "Extended Water Fasting"




If there is a particular question you have about water fasting, please leave it in the comments and I can make sure to answer it in a following post. 



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In our brain there is an area known as the hypothalamus. It main role is homeostasis. It functions to regulate our appetite, temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance and sleep cycles. It receives information from all parts of our nervous system and responds by producing hormones. These hormones are released onto our pituitary gland which produces more hormones targeted to our organs. Together, these two areas of the brain control our kidneys, adrenal glands, sex organs, bones, muscles, thyroid gland, ability to orgasm and connect with our loved ones, as well as produce milk after birth. And that is just the short list.

In this article we explore how appetite and body weight are controlled by the hormone leptin and what fasting can do to help regulate this process. 


What is leptin?
​
Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells. Its function is to tell the brain how much fat we have so that it can regulate energy production. When we have enough fat stored, we don't need to eat to have enough calories to run the system. Our bodies are a complex balance between the amount of energy we need, the calories required to eat and expend and how much fat we will store on our bodies to meet that need. It is an ongoing tally. The leptin system evolved so that we wouldn't starve to death and now we sure aren't. In fact we are eating ourselves to death. Why is that?

The Broken Leptin System

Leptin communicates to the brain how much fat is being carried in an effort to balance the energy out/energy in requirement. Since leptin is produced by our fat cells, when there is lots of fat, there is lots of leptin. In a state of adequate fat stores, a satiety signal is produced in the brain inhibiting us from consuming more calories. In low fat states our brain is told we are running the risk of starvation and to increase caloric intake. This is a negative feedback cycle where in the presence of adequate fat stores, the desire to consume more calories is turned off. 
When people are obese, they have a lot of fat cells and therefore a lot of leptin. This over production of leptin, coupled with the over production insulin seen in obesity, causes a leptin resistance in the brain. The brain becomes less sensitive to the signals from leptin telling it there are adequate fat stores. Leptin resistance due to high levels of insulin and circulating leptin is the main physiological mechanism behind obesity. This leptin resistance the brain signals us to both eat more, and expend less energy! 

What Happens When We lose Weight?

Although losing weight, and therefore fast cells and leptin would seem like a good idea, in fact it triggers the desire to eat more. When we lose fat cells and leptin, we don't automatically regain leptin sensitivity in the brain. The reduction in circulating leptin trigger a starvation effects on the brain resulting in increased appetite and decreased energy expenditure. 

Other Causes of Leptin Resistance

Losing weight isn't the only cause of leptin deficiency. There are genetic defects that lead to low levels of leptin. It is estimated that approximately 3% of obese individuals have a receptor defect causing obesity. In the United States, that is roughly 2.3 million people. 
Inflammation in the hypothalamic region of the brain has been shown to cause leptin resistance. Leptin has a role in regulating the immune system because of its similarity in shape and function to another inflammatory mediator called interleukin-6. The presence of the inflammatory marker CRP has been correlated with leptin resistance in obese individuals. 
Other causes of leptin resistance are due to intracellular suppression of leptin signalling as well as extracellular binding of leptin, making it unavailable to the cells. 

Increasing Leptin Sensitivity to Keep Weight Off

​1. Reduce circulating insulin level
Insulin sensitivity can be improved many ways: reduced glucose intake, fasting, eating foods that support insulin sensitivity in cells: Chia, Maca, Cinnamon zeylenicum/cassia and the plant Gymnema sylvestre. 

2. Decrease inflammation
The majority of inflammation in the system comes from the gut. Specifically eating inflammatory foods such as: processed foods, refined sugar, GMOs, non-organic foods, and allergenic foods like wheat, dairy, corn and soy. Avoiding inflammatory foods reduces inflammation in the gut. When the gut is exposed to inflammation over a period of time, the tight junctions between the gut cells becomes permeable. Meaning undigested food particles escape into the blood stream. These food particles trigger the immune system to produce immunoglobulins against them, thinking they are foreign invaders. This process creates food allergies and sensitivities. The foods we are allergic to differ person to person, so having them assessed by a physician is the first step to helping repair the gut. Other ways to repair the gut lining and decrease inflammation are taking supplements proven to help: fish oil, L-glutamine, FOS (fructooligosaccharides) and probiotics. 
Getting enough sleep + exercising have been shown to lower gut inflammation. 

3. Exercise
Exercise doesn't have to be stressful. Even 30 minutes a day has been proven to lower heart disease and prevent diabetes. If you are staring exercise for the first time, you can use my 15 minute rule:
- 15 minutes there
- 15 minutes back
This is basically a walk around a few blocks. Getting outside also improves mental health. Sun exposure and nitrogen intake are all correlated with better moods. Have a look into a new science called "forest bathing".

4. Fasting
Fasting, whether it is true water fasting or intermittent is a great way to increase leptin and glucose sensitivity in the cells. Intermittend fasting is the practice of have 1 day of decreased calories per week or 1 complete fasting day per week or a 16 hour fast each night. Any of these options work the same way: giving the body a chance to use up the glucose and being to use up the glycogen or glucose stores. In doing this, we train our body to respond less to the signal that glucose is gone. Because it knows there is another reserve (glycogen). What this looks like is a decrease in urgency for a snack or glucose fix. And it is freeing. Whatever your needs are during the week for work, activing or family life, there is an intermittent fasting protocol that fits your needs. 
Water fasting is a more intensive form of resetting the glucose tolerance and insuline sensitivity in cells. It involves ingesting only water for a period of time. By doing this, our body uses up all the glucose and glycogen energy stores and begins a process called Ketosis - breaking down fats for fuel. For more information on how to water fast or intermittent fast, contact our clinic for personalized programs and advice. 
​

​5. MIC injections
MIC stands for methionine, inositol and choline and they are  known as lipotropic or " fat metabolizing".  These injections target the primary fatty deposits in the stomach, gluteus region, hips, inner thighs and under arms. They are a special formula of vitamins, nutrients and cofactors designed to support the liver to breakdown and eliminate fats from the body. 

How do they help burn fat?

Methionine is an essential amino acid meaning that we have to eat it to have it. It assists in the break down of fat in the liver which lowers your body's cholesterol and removes it from the circulatory system. 
The inositol component is involved in the biological signalling of fat metabolism.  It reduces serum cholesterol, by promoting fat metabolism. 
Choline is an essential nutrient required for the transport of fats and cholesterol. After break down, fats are transported to the liver where they are broken down in to their component parts and excreted from your body through bile. 
Other nutrients in the formula are Vitamin B12, B-Complex and Carnitine. B vitamins are ubiquitous helpers in the body's biochemical processes. Carnitine is an amino acid helpful in breaking down fat and preserving muscle and transporting fat from high density areas to the liver. 
Through diet, people may be deficient in any or all of these nutrients making fat burning more difficult. A routine schedule of MIC injections can support the body with the nutrients it needs to function properly as part of a fasting or medical program. 

References:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8532024/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23359004
​http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16932334
​https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/leptin-receptor-deficiency#statistics
​http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4556270/
https://empower.pharmacy/mic-injection.html\

Photo credit: 
​​http://ilonadesign.blogspot.ca/2014/01/leptin-hunger-hormone.html
http://www.nutrativaglobal.com/current-news/chia-seed-oil/